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1. The primary root that develops from the radicle and grows deep into the soil is called a
A. Tap root
B. Adventitious root
C. Fibrous root
D. Prop root
Answer: A. Tap root
Explanation: A tap root system develops from the radicle of the embryo, growing directly downward and giving off lateral roots, typically seen in dicotyledonous plants.
2. Roots that arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle, such as stem or leaves, are called
A. Adventitious roots
B. Tap roots
C. Primary roots
D. Root hairs
Answer: A. Adventitious roots
Explanation: Adventitious roots develop from parts of the plant other than the radicle (like stems or leaves), commonly seen in monocots giving rise to a fibrous root system.
3. The modification of roots in banyan trees, which hang down from branches and provide additional mechanical support, are called
A. Prop roots
B. Stilt roots
C. Pneumatophores
D. Root tubers
Answer: A. Prop roots
Explanation: In banyan trees, prop roots grow downward from the branches to the soil, providing extra mechanical support to the massive, spreading canopy.
4. Roots that grow vertically upward out of the soil/water, seen in plants like mangroves growing in swampy areas, are called
A. Pneumatophores
B. Prop roots
C. Stilt roots
D. Tap roots
Answer: A. Pneumatophores
Explanation: Pneumatophores are specialized roots that grow upward out of waterlogged, swampy soil in mangrove plants, helping the plant obtain oxygen for respiration.
5. The stem develops from which part of the embryo?
A. Plumule
B. Radicle
C. Cotyledon
D. Endosperm
Answer: A. Plumule
Explanation: The stem of a plant develops from the plumule, the embryonic shoot present in the seed, while the root develops from the radicle.
6. The region on a stem where leaves are attached is called a
A. Node
B. Internode
C. Petiole
D. Axil
Answer: A. Node
Explanation: A node is the point on the stem where leaves, branches, or flowers arise, while the region between two consecutive nodes is called the internode.
7. The stem modification in potato, where the underground stem swells to store food, is called a
A. Tuber
B. Rhizome
C. Bulb
D. Corm
Answer: A. Tuber
Explanation: In potato, the underground stem tip swells due to the accumulation of food, forming a structure called a tuber, which also bears "eyes" (buds) capable of growing into new plants.
8. The underground stem modification seen in ginger, which grows horizontally and stores food, is called a
A. Rhizome
B. Tuber
C. Bulb
D. Sucker
Answer: A. Rhizome
Explanation: A rhizome, as seen in ginger, is a modified underground stem that grows horizontally, storing food and bearing nodes and internodes, as well as scale leaves and buds.
9. Tendrils used for climbing in plants like grapevine are usually modifications of the
A. Stem
B. Root
C. Petiole only
D. Flower
Answer: A. Stem
Explanation: In plants like grapevine and cucumber, the axillary bud of the stem gets modified into a thin, wiry, coiled structure called a tendril, which helps the plant climb by coiling around a support.
10. A typical leaf consists mainly of three parts:
A. Leaf base, petiole, and lamina
B. Root, stem, and lamina
C. Sepal, petal, and stamen
D. Node, internode, and axil
Answer: A. Leaf base, petiole, and lamina
Explanation: A typical angiospermic leaf comprises three main parts: the leaf base (attaching the leaf to the stem), the petiole (leaf stalk), and the lamina (leaf blade).
11. The arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of a leaf is called
A. Venation
B. Phyllotaxy
C. Aestivation
D. Placentation
Answer: A. Venation
Explanation: Venation refers to the pattern of distribution of veins and veinlets within the lamina (blade) of a leaf, mainly classified as reticulate or parallel venation.
12. Reticulate venation, where veins form a network, is typically found in
A. Dicotyledonous plants
B. Monocotyledonous plants
C. Gymnosperms only
D. Algae only
Answer: A. Dicotyledonous plants
Explanation: Reticulate venation, in which veins form a net-like pattern in the leaf lamina, is a characteristic feature of dicotyledonous plants.
13. Parallel venation, where veins run parallel to each other, is typically found in
A. Monocotyledonous plants
B. Dicotyledonous plants
C. Gymnosperms exclusively
D. Fungi
Answer: A. Monocotyledonous plants
Explanation: Parallel venation, in which veins run parallel to one another within the lamina, is characteristic of monocotyledonous plants, as seen in grass leaves.
14. A leaf in which the lamina is divided into leaflets that do not touch the midrib at the base is called a
A. Compound leaf
B. Simple leaf
C. Sessile leaf
D. Petiolate leaf
Answer: A. Compound leaf
Explanation: A compound leaf has its lamina divided into several leaflets, and the axillary bud is found only in the axil of the leaf, not the leaflets, distinguishing it from a simple leaf.
15. In neem, leaflets are arranged on either side of a common axis (rachis), forming a
A. Pinnately compound leaf
B. Palmately compound leaf
C. Simple leaf
D. Sessile leaf
Answer: A. Pinnately compound leaf
Explanation: In a pinnately compound leaf, like that of neem, several leaflets are arranged along a common rachis (extension of the petiole), similar to the leaflets of a feather.
16. The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis of a plant is called
A. Inflorescence
B. Phyllotaxy
C. Venation
D. Vernation
Answer: A. Inflorescence
Explanation: Inflorescence refers to the arrangement pattern of individual flowers along the floral axis of a plant, mainly classified as racemose or cymose.
17. A typical flower is described as a modified shoot mainly meant for
A. Sexual reproduction
B. Vegetative propagation only
C. Storage of food only
D. Gas exchange only
Answer: A. Sexual reproduction
Explanation: A flower is a specialized, modified shoot whose primary biological function is sexual reproduction in angiosperms, containing structures for producing gametes.
18. In a typical flower, the outermost whorl, usually green in colour, that protects the flower in the bud stage is called the
A. Calyx (composed of sepals)
B. Corolla (composed of petals)
C. Androecium (composed of stamens)
D. Gynoecium (composed of carpels)
Answer: A. Calyx (composed of sepals)
Explanation: The calyx, made up of sepals, is typically the outermost whorl of a flower, usually green, and its main function is to protect the developing flower in the bud stage.
19. The whorl of a flower that is often brightly coloured to attract pollinators is called the
A. Corolla (composed of petals)
B. Calyx (composed of sepals)
C. Androecium
D. Gynoecium
Answer: A. Corolla (composed of petals)
Explanation: The corolla, composed of petals, is usually brightly coloured to attract insects and other pollinators, aiding in pollination.
20. The male reproductive part of a flower, consisting of a filament and an anther, is called the
A. Stamen
B. Carpel
C. Sepal
D. Petal
Answer: A. Stamen
Explanation: A stamen, the unit of the androecium (male reproductive whorl), consists of a stalk-like filament and a terminal anther that produces pollen grains.
21. The female reproductive part of a flower, made up of the stigma, style, and ovary, is called the
A. Carpel (pistil)
B. Stamen
C. Sepal
D. Petal
Answer: A. Carpel (pistil)
Explanation: The carpel, or pistil, is the female reproductive unit of a flower, consisting of the stigma (receives pollen), style (connects stigma to ovary), and ovary (contains ovules).
22. Structures within the ovary of a flower that develop into seeds after fertilization are called
A. Ovules
B. Anthers
C. Stigmas
D. Filaments
Answer: A. Ovules
Explanation: Ovules are structures present inside the ovary that contain the female gametophyte; after fertilization, each fertilized ovule develops into a seed.
23. After fertilization, the ovary of a flower typically develops into a
A. Fruit
B. Seed only
C. Petal
D. Root
Answer: A. Fruit
Explanation: After fertilization, the ovary wall develops into the fruit (pericarp), which encloses and protects the seeds that developed from the fertilized ovules.
24. The manner in which sepals or petals are arranged in a flower bud, relative to one another, is called
A. Aestivation
B. Placentation
C. Venation
D. Phyllotaxy
Answer: A. Aestivation
Explanation: Aestivation refers to the specific arrangement pattern of sepals or petals in a flower bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl, such as valvate, twisted, or imbricate.
25. The arrangement of ovules within the ovary of a flower is called
A. Placentation
B. Aestivation
C. Vernation
D. Pollination
Answer: A. Placentation
Explanation: Placentation refers to the pattern of arrangement of ovules within the ovary, classified into types such as marginal, axile, parietal, basal, and free central.
26. A fruit that develops from a fertilized ovary without any other flower parts contributing to it is called a
A. True fruit
B. False fruit
C. Aggregate fruit
D. Multiple fruit
Answer: A. True fruit
Explanation: A true fruit develops exclusively from the fertilized ovary, without involvement of any accessory floral parts such as the thalamus.
27. In fruits like apple, where the thalamus (receptacle) also contributes to fruit formation along with the ovary, the fruit is called a
A. False fruit
B. True fruit
C. Dry fruit only
D. Simple fruit only
Answer: A. False fruit
Explanation: When accessory floral parts, such as the thalamus, participate along with the ovary in fruit formation, the resulting fruit is termed a false fruit, as seen in apple and cashew.
28. A seed consists mainly of a seed coat and an
A. Embryo
B. Ovary wall
C. Stigma
D. Anther
Answer: A. Embryo
Explanation: A seed is essentially a fertilized, mature ovule, consisting mainly of a protective outer seed coat and an inner embryo (with or without endosperm), which develops into a new plant.
29. Why do plants like grapevine and pea develop tendrils as leaf or stem modifications?
A. To help the weak-stemmed plant climb by coiling around a support
B. To increase the rate of photosynthesis dramatically
C. To attract pollinators to the flower
D. To store large amounts of food for the plant
Answer: A. To help the weak-stemmed plant climb by coiling around a support
Explanation: Tendrils, formed by modification of stems or leaves, are thin, wiry, and coiled structures that enable weak-stemmed climbing plants like grapevine and pea to attach to and climb up a support.
30. Why does a plant like potato use underground stem tubers rather than seeds as its main means of asexual/vegetative propagation?
A. Tubers store enough food reserves and contain buds (eyes) that can directly sprout into new, genetically identical plants
B. Tubers cannot store any food at all
C. Tubers always require pollination first
D. Tubers develop only from a fertilized ovary
Answer: A. Tubers store enough food reserves and contain buds (eyes) that can directly sprout into new, genetically identical plants
Explanation: A potato tuber is a modified underground stem storing abundant food reserves and bearing nodes with axillary buds ("eyes"); under favorable conditions, these buds can sprout directly into new plants, allowing rapid vegetative (asexual) propagation without the need for seeds or pollination.
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